Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is the most conserved transducer of the unfolded protein
response (UPR), a homeostatic response that preserves proteostasis. Intriguingly, via its …

Cells operate a signaling network termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) to monitor
protein-folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 …

Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid
arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle required for lipid biosynthesis,
calcium storage, and protein folding and processing. A number of physiological and …

Programmed cell death (PCD)—apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis—is any
pathological form of cell death mediated by intracellular processes. Ototoxic drugs, ageing …

Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential cell function. To safeguard
this process in the face of environmental threats and internal stressors, cells mount an …

Biological aging is the main driver of age‐associated chronic diseases. In 2014, the United
States National Institute of Aging (NIA) sponsored a meeting between several investigators …

Background Autophagy and ER stress are involved in maintaining some well-orchestrated
mechanisms aimed at either restoring cellular homeostasis or performing cell death …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that leads to
memory loss and cognitive impairment over time. It is characterized by protein misfolding as …

The apoptotic or necrotic death of renal tubule epithelial cells is the main pathogenesis of
renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Pyroptosis is a programmed …