Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intracellular molecules released from
infected or injured cells to activate inflammatory and reparatory responses. One of the most …

This review article provides a historical perspective on the role of purinergic signalling in the
regulation of various subsets of immune cells from early discoveries to current …

Simple Summary The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a cell membrane protein whose
activation has been related to a variety of cellular processes, while its dysregulation has …

P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that upon agonist interaction leads to cellular
influx of Na+ and Ca 2+ and efflux of K+. P2X7 is expressed by a wide variety of cells and its …

ATP is an extracellular signal for the immune system, particularly during an inflammatory
response. It is sensed by the P2X7 receptor, the expression of which is upregulated by pro …

Abstract The P2X 7 R is highly expressed on the macrophage cell surface, and activation of
infected cells by extracellular ATP has been shown to kill intracellular bacteria and …

Abstract Bioactive peptide LL-37/hCAP18, the only human member of the cathelicidin family,
plays important roles in killing various pathogens, as well as in immune modulation. We …

Abstract P2X receptor (P2XR) is a family of the ATP-gated ion channel family and can
permeabilize the plasma membrane to small cations such as potassium, sodium, and …

Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi,
bacteria, viruses, and parasites. After infection, disease progression relies on the complex …