Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is currently no HIV cure and
treatment is life long. HIV persists during ART due to long-lived and proliferating latently …

The outcome of an infection with any given pathogen varies according to the dosage and
route of infection, but, in addition, the physiological state of the host can determine the …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is principally a mucosal disease and the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major site of HIV replication. Loss of CD4+ T cells and …

The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) has developed several strategies to
condition the host environment to promote viral replication and spread. Viral proteins have …

Background HIV-1, like all viruses, is entirely dependent on the host cell for providing the
metabolic resources for completion of the viral replication cycle and the production of virions …

Viruses are completely dependent upon cellular machinery to support replication and have
therefore developed strategies to co-opt cellular processes to optimize infection and counter …

HIV encodes Tat, a small protein that facilitates viral transcription by binding an RNA
structure (trans-activating RNA [TAR]) formed on nascent viral pre-messenger RNAs …

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) promoter or long‐terminal repeat (LTR)
regulates viral gene expression by interacting with multiple viral and host factors. The viral …

The trans-activator Tat protein is a viral regulatory protein essential for HIV-1 replication. Tat
trafficks to the nucleoplasm and the nucleolus. The nucleolus, a highly dynamic and …

The HIV-1 Tat protein hijacks P-TEFb kinase to activate paused RNA polymerase II (RNAP
II) at the viral promoter. Tat binds additional host factors, but it is unclear how they regulate …