The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Cell cycle-dependent gene transcription is tightly controlled by the retinoblastoma (RB): E2F
and DREAM complexes, which repress all cell cycle genes during quiescence. Cyclin …

BACKGROUND Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drive cell division. Of
particular importance to the cancer field are D-cyclins, which activate CDK4 and CDK6. In …

Decades ago, mitogen-promoted signaling duration and strength were observed to be
sensed by the cell and to be critical for its decisions: to proliferate or differentiate. Landmark …

Neurogenesis persists in adult mammals in specific brain areas, known as neurogenic
niches. Adult neurogenesis is highly dynamic and is modulated by multiple physiological …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have gained widespread attention in recent years as a
potentially new and crucial layer of biological regulation. lncRNAs of all kinds have been …

Sustained proliferative capacity and gene dysregulation are hallmarks of cancer. In
mammalian cells, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control critical cell cycle checkpoints …

Deregulation of cell cycle, via cyclin D/CDK/pRb pathway, is frequently observed in breast
cancer lending support to the development of drugs targeting the cell cycle control …

Cells decide to proliferate or remain quiescent using signaling pathways that link information
about the cellular environment to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Progression through G1 …

Copper (Cu) is essential for living organisms, and acts as a cofactor in many metabolic
enzymes. To avoid the toxicity of free Cu, organisms have specific transport systems that …