In this article, the authors show that test makers and test takers have a strong and systematic
tendency for hiding correct answers—or, respectively, for seeking them—in middle positions …

This study examined differences in the criteria used by college and university instructors in
the United States to assign course grades. Two hundred and fifty course syllabi (159 from …

From drop-down computer menus to department-store aisles, people in everyday life often
choose from simultaneous displays of products or options. Studies of position effects in such …

Studies from various disciplines have reported that spatial location of options in relation to
processing order impacts the ultimate choice of the option. A large number of studies have …

If a test taker possesses test-wiseness and relevant partial knowledge, and if a test contains
susceptible items, then the combination of these factors can result in improved or higher …

We present an example of an innovative constructed response test format–a write‐in/mark‐
in paper‐and‐pencil test–as an alternative to the traditional multiple‐choice paper‐and …

A quantitative observational study exploring the relationship of gender to mathematics self-
efficacy and the frequency of back substitution in multiple-choice assessment sampled …

Testwiseness is defined as the set of cognitive strategies used by a student that is intended
to improve his or her score on a test regardless of the test's subject matter. Questions with …

Middle bias has been reported for responses to multiple-choice test items used in
educational assessment. It has been claimed that this response bias probably occurs …

A large body of empirical evidence on the acquisition of expert performance and expertise
has been summarized and reviewed in The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert …