The day after the election, the hate and darkness got to be too much. I unfriended nearly
everyone. Now I have three friends: my husband and children.... I do hold (Facebook) …

Research on political incivility in social media has primarily been focused on the types and
frequency of impolite or uncivil language used to attack politicians. However, there is so far …

Many worry that uncivil discourse can undermine democratic processes. Yet, what exactly
does it mean for discourse to be uncivil? I argue that there is systematic variation in …

Partisan-based motivated reasoning is a well-known phenomenon by which persons exhibit
political attitudes and behavior supporting prior beliefs that have been directionally …

Research has investigated emotional responses to perceived political incivility but not
whether aspects of emotionality may be perceived as uncivil. When politicians display or …

Despite evidence that a majority of people in the United States say that they want more civil
politics, candidates still use incivility strategically during campaigns. Distinguishing between …

We used a media-focused vignette experiment to test how speaker role and norm-violation
level influenced perceived incivility, including respondents' age, gender, and partisanship as …

While growing attention has been devoted to candidates' use of incivility in campaigns, its
role in informing voters' feelings toward candidates is still debated. This study embraces a …

Politicians' communication is subject to widespread controversy. Name-calling, empty
statements and woolly language are publicly condemned by many, because this type of …

Popular and scholarly arguments state that uncivil discourse is bad for democracy because
it hampers political trust and sharpens polarization. These same scholars see uncivil …