Hormones are tuners of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. They are involved in
various complicated networks, through which they modulate responses to different stimuli …

In recent years salicylic acid (SA) has been the focus of intensive research due to its function
as an endogenous signal mediating local and systemic plant defence responses against …

Immune systems distinguish “self” from “nonself” to maintain homeostasis and must
differentially gate access to allow colonization by potentially beneficial, nonpathogenic …

Regulation of gene expression by DNA methylation is crucial for defining cellular identities
and coordinating organism-wide developmental programs in many organisms. In plants …

Phenylpropanoid compounds encompass a wide range of structural classes and biological
functions. Limiting discussion to stress-induced phenylpropanoids eliminates few of the …

Despite significant advances in crop protection, plant diseases cause a 20% yield loss in
food and cash crops worldwide. Therefore, interactions between plants and pathogens have …

It has been suggested that effective defense against biotrophic pathogens is largely due to
programmed cell death in the host, and to associated activation of defense responses …

Plants cannot move to escape environmental challenges. Biotic stresses result from a
battery of potential pathogens: fungi, bacteria, nematodes and insects intercept the …

Salicylic acid (SA) mediates plant defences against pathogens, accumulating in both
infected and distal leaves in response to pathogen attack,,,,. Pathogenesis-related gene …

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) refers to a distinct signal transduction pathway that
plays an important role in the ability of plants to defend themselves against pathogens. After …