Hypoparathyroidism is a disease characterized by inadequately low circulating
concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resulting in low calcium levels and increased …

Fahr's disease or Fahr's syndrome is a rare, neurological disorder characterized by
abnormal calcified deposits in basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Calcified deposits are …

Recent advances in understanding the epidemiology, genetics, diagnosis, clinical
presentations, skeletal involvement, and therapeutic approaches to hypoparathyroidism led …

A 58-year-old man is found on laboratory testing to have a serum calcium level of 6.0 mg per
deciliter (normal range, 8.5 to 10.5), an albumin level of 3.9 g per deciliter, and a …

The crystalline lens is a transparent and refractive biconvex structure formed by lens
epithelial cells (LECs) and lens fibers. Lens opacity, also known as cataracts, is the leading …

Magnesium is essential to the proper functioning of numerous cellular processes.
Magnesium ion (Mg 2+) deficits, as reflected in hypomagnesemia, can cause neuromuscular …

Neurons have extensive processes and communication between those processes and the
cell body is crucial to neuronal function and survival. Thus, neurons are uniquely dependent …

Sodium (Na+) is the principal osmole in extracellular fluid; as such, the total body content of
Na+ and Cl-, its primary anion, determine the extracellular fluid volume. Renal excretion or …

Objective: The epidemiology of hypoparathyroidism (HP) is largely unknown. We aimed to
determine prevalence, etiologies, health related quality of life (HRQOL) and treatment …

The skeletal dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias) are a heterogeneous group of more than
350 disorders frequently associated with orthopedic complications and varying degrees of …