The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against invading pathogens,
and immune disorders cause a variety of diseases. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster …

Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of heart attack and stroke. Early observations that
cholesterol is a key component of arterial plaques gave rise to the cholesterol hypothesis for …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

The host defence of insects includes a combination of cellular and humoral responses. The
cellular arm of the insect innate immune system includes mechanisms that are directly …

Scavenger receptors belong to a superfamily of proteins that are structurally heterogeneous
and encompass the miscellaneous group of transmembrane proteins and soluble secretory …

Scavenger receptors constitute a large family of proteins that are structurally diverse and
participate in a wide range of biological functions. These receptors are expressed …

Particulate ligands, including cholesterol crystals and amyloid fibrils, induce production of
interleukin 1β (IL-1β) dependent on the cytoplasmic sensor NLRP3 in atherosclerosis …

Scavenger receptors were originally identified by their ability to recognize and to remove
modified lipoproteins; however, it is now appreciated that they carry out a striking range of …

Microbiota have emerged as key modulators of both the carcinogenic process and the
immune response against cancer cells, and, thus, it seems to influence the efficacy of …