The majority of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor (ERα) and agents targeting this
pathway represent the main treatment modality. Endocrine therapy has proven successful in …

Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

Abstract 17β‐Estradiol (E2), as the main circulating estrogen hormone, regulates many
tissue and organ functions in physiology. The effects of E2 on cells are mediated by the …

Humans show strong sex differences in immunity to infection and autoimmunity, suggesting
sex hormones modulate immune responses. Indeed, receptors for estrogens (ERs) regulate …

Bone is a multi-skilled tissue, protecting major organs, regulating calcium phosphate
balance and producing hormones. Its development during childhood determines height and …

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) has been recognized now for several decades as playing a
key role in reproduction and exerting functions in numerous nonreproductive tissues. In this …

Mouse models with cell-specific deletion of the estrogen receptor (ER) α, the androgen
receptor (AR) or the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), as well as …

Dendrimers are nanoscopic compounds, which are monodispersed, and they are generally
considered as homogeneous. PAMAM (polyamidoamine) was introduced in 1985, by …

With the release of the landmark report Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a
Strategy, the US National Academy of Sciences, in 2007, precipitated a major change in the …