Contents Summary 1197 I. Introduction 1198 II. Measurement and imaging of H2O2 1198 III.
H2O2 and O2·− toxicity 1199 IV. Production of H2O2: enzymes and subcellular locations …

Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance
system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter …

Time is an often-neglected variable in biological research. Plants respond to biotic and
abiotic stressors with a range of chemical signals, but as plants are non-equilibrium systems …

Second messengers are cellular chemicals that act as “language codes”, allowing cells to
pass outside information to the cell interior. The cells then respond through triggering …

The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and
organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell …

The role of small secreted peptides in plant defense responses to viruses has seldom been
investigated. Here, we report a role for potato (Solanum tuberosum) PIP1, a gene predicted …

Plant peptides are a new frontier in plant biology, owing to their key regulatory roles in plant
growth, development, and stress responses. Synthetic peptides are promising biological …

The first layer of plant immunity is deployed by recognition of pathogen-associated molecule
patterns (PAMPs) and induction of early stress responses. Flagellin is the major protein …

Powdery scab disease, caused by the soilborne protist Spongospora subterranea f. sp.
subterranea, poses a major constraint to potato production worldwide. Disease symptoms …

Aims A new physiological disorder, dark pericarp disease (DPD) in litchi fruit is recently
observed in South China. DPD occurs after heavy rain and is aggregated by insolation …