The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates
the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone …

During pregnancy and lactation, female physiology adapts to meet the added nutritional
demands of fetuses and neonates. An average full-term fetus contains∼ 30 g calcium, 20 g …

Objective: To develop evidence-based recommendations for safe, effective, and appropriate
thyroidectomy. Background: Surgical management of thyroid disease has evolved …

Levothyroxine is the standard therapy for patients with hypothyroidism, a condition that
affects up to 5% of people worldwide. While levothyroxine therapy has substantially …

Traditional textbook physiology has ascribed unitary functions to hormones from the anterior
and posterior pituitary gland, mainly in the regulation of effector hormone secretion from …

Controversy exists over optimal management of low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer. This
controversy occurs in all aspects of management, including surgery, use of radioactive …

Simple Summary Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) plays a role in the regulation of thyroid
hormones and is an important indicator for assessing thyroid function. Thyroid cancer (TC) is …

Metabolic bone diseases are serious health issues worldwide, since several million
individuals over the age of 50 are at risk of bone damage and should be worried about their …

Studies over the past decade have challenged the long-held belief that pituitary hormones
have singular functions in regulating specific target tissues, including master hormone …

Diabetes and osteoporosis are two common diseases with different complications. Despite
different therapeutic strategies, managing these diseases and reducing their burden have …