In mammals, environmental sounds stimulate the auditory receptor, the cochlea, via
vibrations of the stapes, the innermost of the middle ear ossicles. These vibrations produce …

Most sounds of interest consist of complex, time-dependent admixtures of tones of diverse
frequencies and variable amplitudes. To detect and process these signals, the ear employs …

One of the typical haptic elements are natural hairy structures that animals and plants rely on
for feedback. Although these hair sensors are an admirable inspiration, the development of …

We present the first simultaneous sound pressure measurements in scala vestibuli and
scala tympani of the cochlea in human cadaveric temporal bones. The technique we …

In the normal mammalian ear, sound vibrates the eardrum, causing the tiny bones of the
middle ear to vibrate, transferring the vibration to the inner ear fluids. The vibration …

The operation of the mammalian cochlea relies on a mechanical traveling wave that is
actively boosted by electromechanical forces in sensory outer hair cells (OHCs). This active …

This paper tests and applies a key prediction of the theory of coherent reflection filtering for
the generation of reflection-source otoacoustic emissions. The theory predicts that …

Traditionally, applications of biomechanics will model system-level aspects of the human
body. As a result, the majority of technological progress to date appears in system-level …

At frequencies above 3 kHz, the tympanic membrane vibrates chaotically. By having many
resonances, the eardrum can transmit the broadest possible bandwidth of sound with …

Sound-induced motion of the surface of the human tympanic membrane (TM) was studied by
stroboscopic holographic interferometery, which measures the amplitude and phase of the …