Oceanic motions with spatial scales of 200 m–20 km, called submesoscales, are ubiquitous
in the upper ocean and serve as a key intermediary between larger-scale balanced …

This article is a perspective on the recently discovered realm of submesoscale currents in
the ocean. They are intermediate-scale flow structures in the form of density fronts and …

We revisit the challenges and prospects for ocean circulation models following Griffies et al..
Over the past decade, ocean circulation models evolved through improved understanding …

Frontogenesis is the fluid-dynamical processes that rapidly sharpen horizontal density
gradients and their associated horizontal velocity shears. It is a positive feedback process …

A parameterization is proposed for the effects of symmetric instability (SI) on a resolved front.
The parameterization is dependent on external forcing by surface buoyancy loss and/or …

Upper-ocean turbulence at scales smaller than the mesoscale is believed to exchange
surface and thermocline waters, which plays an important role in both physical and …

A signature of submesoscale flows in the upper ocean is skewness in the distribution of
relative vorticity. Expected to result for high Rossby number flows, such skewness has …

Submesoscale density fronts and the associated processes of frontogenesis and symmetric
instability (SI) are investigated in the northwest Pacific subtropical countercurrent (STCC) …

Observations from around the global ocean show that enhanced biological activity can be
found in anticyclonic eddies. This may mean that upwelling of nutrient‐rich water occurs …

The overturning circulation of the global ocean is critically shaped by deep-ocean mixing,
which transforms cold waters sinking at high latitudes into warmer, shallower waters. The …