The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, otherwise known as the Krebs cycle, is a central
metabolic pathway that performs the essential function of oxidizing nutrients to support …

Alterations in cardiac energy metabolism contribute to the severity of heart failure. However,
the energy metabolic changes that occur in heart failure are complex and are dependent not …

The balance of programmed death-1 (PD-1)-expressing CD8+ T cells and regulatory T
(Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) determines the clinical efficacy of PD-1 …

Lactate has long been considered a cellular waste product. However, we found that as
extracellular lactate accumulates, it also enters the mitochondrial matrix and stimulates …

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of the crucial enzymes in aerobic glycolysis, catalyzing
the last step of glycolysis, ie. the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Most cancer cells are …

Lactate, perhaps the best-known metabolic waste product, was first isolated from sour milk,
in which it is produced by lactobacilli. Whereas microbes also generate other fermentation …

Tumor cells must generate sufficient ATP and biosynthetic precursors in order to maintain
cell proliferation requirements. Otto Warburg showed that tumor cells uptake high amounts …

A long-standing question in cancer biology has been why oxygenated tumors ferment the
majority of glucose they consume to lactate rather than oxidizing it in their mitochondria, a …

Naive T cells are actively maintained in a quiescent state that promotes their survival and
persistence. On antigen stimulation, T cells exit quiescence to initiate clonal expansion and …

Mistakenly thought to be the consequence of oxygen lack in contracting skeletal muscle we
now know that the L-enantiomer of the lactate anion is formed under fully aerobic conditions …