The Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) has drastically impacted how the world operates. The
Internet of Things (IoT), encompassed significantly by the Wireless Sensor Networks …

A wireless sensor network is a group of sensors that can share data gathered from a
monitored field across wireless networks in which clustering is an important phenomenon for …

In the deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), fault tolerance and energy
consumption are the two crucial challenges. For this, clustering is the most effective energy …

In this paper, a novel optimal relay angle‐based clustering routing protocol called RACR is
proposed to balance nodes' energy consumption and prolong the network lifespan of …

For the energy consumption problem among nodes in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a
particle swarm optimization routing (PSOR) scheme is proposed in this paper in order to …

Wireless sensor network (WSN) with the recent advancement in wireless technologies and
numerous applications gaining its impact and market value. WSNs are the collection and …

A livestock sensor network (LSN) is widely used for livestock monitoring, which can improve
the intelligence level of livestock farming. Facing the mobility of sensor nodes in LSNs, better …

This paper proposes an optimised Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol to minimise the
number of channel access collisions and to improve the bandwidth efficiency of IoT-based …

Energy consumption and network lifetime are significant issues for a WSN. Numerous
optimization techniques can be employed to select a path between nodes at source and …

A critical node is a sensor whose failure causes loss of connectivity and network
fragmentation. In wireless sensor networks, the failure of a critical node, like the failure of all …