The retina is a complex tissue with multiple cell layers that are highly ordered. Its
sophisticated structure makes it especially sensitive to external or internal perturbations that …

The human retina contains three types of glial cells: microglia and two types of macroglia,
astrocytes and Müller cells. Macroglia provide homeostatic and metabolic support to …

Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, which appears in one
third of all diabetic patients and is a prominent cause of vision loss. First discovered as a …

Microglia, the primary resident immune cell type, constitute a key population of glia in the
retina. Recent evidence indicates that microglia play significant functional roles in the retina …

Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and
the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to a pathological condition caused by a direct or
indirect insult to the optic nerves, which often leads to a partial or permanent vision deficit …

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a well‐characterized and extensively studied
disease. It is currently considered the leading cause of visual disability among patients over …

Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for neurodegeneration in
glaucoma. Glial cells, which play an important role in normal functioning of retinal neurons …

For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma,
and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently …