The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific
T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and …

HIV infection induces phenotypic and functional changes to CD8+ T cells defined by the
coordinated upregulation of a series of negative checkpoint receptors that eventually result …

Despite complete or near‐complete suppression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
replication with combination antiretroviral therapy, both HIV and chronic …

Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to
infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and …

Highlights•IFN-I signaling has recently been shown to contribute to viral immune
pathologies.•Elevated IFN-I signatures are found in persistent virus infections in multiple …

Microbial translocation and microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-asso... : Current Opinion in HIV and
AIDS Microbial translocation and microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-associated immune activation …

Background. Reversing immune exhaustion with an anti-PD-L1 antibody may improve
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)–specific immunity and increase clearance of …

The advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly improved the
prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, individuals …

Boosting immune cell function by targeting the coinhibitory receptor PD-1 may have
applications in the treatment of chronic infections. Here, we examine the role of PD-1 during …