On the basis of its generally accessible I/II redox couple and bioavailability, copper plays a
wide variety of roles in nature that mostly involve electron transfer (ET), O 2 binding …

The global shrimp industry still faces various serious disease-related problems that are
mainly caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Understanding the host defense …

A major innate defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and
damaged tissues. This important process is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO) …

Plastic waste management is a pressing ecological, social, and economic challenge. The
saliva of the lepidopteran Galleria mellonella larvae is capable of oxidizing and …

The critical review describes the known dicopper systems mediating the aromatic
hydroxylation of monophenolic substrates. Such systems are of interest as structural and …

Nature uses dioxygen as a key oxidant in the transformation of biomolecules. Among the
enzymes that are utilized for these reactions are copper-containing metalloenzymes, which …

Substantial evidence gathered recently has revealed the multiple functionalities of
hemocyanin. Contrary to previous claims that this ancient protein is involved solely in …

The enzymes tyrosinase, catecholoxidase and hemocyanin all share similar active sites,
although their physiological functions differ. Hemocyanins serve as oxygen carrier proteins …

Phenoloxidases are present as zymogens in insect hemolymph, and they become activated
upon wounding or infection as part of the innate immune response. These enzymes are …

Arthropod hemocyanins are large, multimeric,(n× 6) copper-containing proteins that deliver
oxygen in the haemolymph of many chelicerate, crustacean, myriapod, and also possibly …