A survey of text watermarking in the era of large language models

A Liu, L Pan, Y Lu, J Li, X Hu, X Zhang, L Wen… - ACM Computing …, 2024 - dl.acm.org
Text watermarking algorithms are crucial for protecting the copyright of textual content.
Historically, their capabilities and application scenarios were limited. However, recent …

Modern text hiding, text steganalysis, and applications: a comparative analysis

M Taleby Ahvanooey, Q Li, J Hou, AR Rajput, Y Chen - Entropy, 2019 - mdpi.com
Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret
message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential …

Unbiased watermark for large language models

Z Hu, L Chen, X Wu, Y Wu, H Zhang… - arXiv preprint arXiv …, 2023 - arxiv.org
The recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked a growing
apprehension regarding the potential misuse. One approach to mitigating this risk is to …

Adversarial watermarking transformer: Towards tracing text provenance with data hiding

S Abdelnabi, M Fritz - 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and …, 2021 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Recent advances in natural language generation have introduced powerful language
models with high-quality output text. However, this raises concerns about the potential …

A novel two-stage separable deep learning framework for practical blind watermarking

Y Liu, M Guo, J Zhang, Y Zhu, X Xie - Proceedings of the 27th ACM …, 2019 - dl.acm.org
As a vital copyright protection technology, blind watermarking based on deep learning with
an end-to-end encoder-decoder architecture has been recently proposed. Although the one …

Natural language watermarking via morphosyntactic alterations

HM Meral, B Sankur, AS Özsoy, T Güngör… - Computer Speech & …, 2009 - Elsevier
We develop a morphosyntax-based natural language watermarking scheme. In this scheme,
a text is first transformed into a syntactic tree diagram where the hierarchies and the …

A review of digital watermarking techniques for text documents

Z Jalil, AM Mirza - 2009 International Conference on …, 2009 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
Copyright protection of plain text while traveling over the Internet is very crucial. Digital
watermarking provides the complete copyright protection solution for this problem. Text …

A camera shooting resilient watermarking scheme for underpainting documents

H Fang, W Zhang, Z Ma, H Zhou, S Sun… - IEEE Transactions on …, 2019 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
This paper designs a novel underpainting based camera shooting resilient (CSR) document
watermarking algorithm for dealing with the leak source tracking problem. By applying such …

A comparative analysis of information hiding techniques for copyright protection of text documents

M Taleby Ahvanooey, Q Li, HJ Shim… - Security and …, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
With the ceaseless usage of web and other online services, it has turned out that copying,
sharing, and transmitting digital media over the Internet are amazingly simple. Since the text …

Language universal font watermarking with multiple cross-media robustness

X Yang, W Zhang, H Fang, Z Ma, N Yu - Signal Processing, 2023 - Elsevier
The rapid development of digital devices and the increasing demand for copyright protection
and leakage tracing of documents result in new demands for robust text watermarking. It …