The Toll family of receptors consists of cell surface TLRs (TLR4/MD-2, TLR1, TLR2, and
TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9). Cell surface TLRs sense …

The outcome of sepsis and septic shock has not significantly improved in recent decades
despite the development of numerous drugs and supportive care therapies. To reduce …

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are comprised of two major phenotypes, Crohn's
disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Research over the last couple of years has led to …

New treatments are needed for extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacilli
(GNB), such as Acinetobacter baumannii. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was previously …

Oxidative stress generated by ischemia/reperfusion is known to prime inflammatory cells for
increased responsiveness to subsequent stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The …

Morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) are due not only to abnormal epithelial cell
function, but also to an abnormal immune response. We have shown previously that …

Recent studies on endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced acute inflammatory
response in the lung are reviewed. The acute airway inflammatory response to inhaled …

Abstract Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are present on monocytes and alveolar
macrophages that form the first line of defense against inhaled particles. The importance of …

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common lethal inherited disorder caused by mutation in the
gene encoding CF transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The clinical course of CF is …

Toll-like receptors are a recently identified group of receptors that are an important
component of the immune system. Thus far, ten different receptors have been identified and …