Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of human are considered as the most critical immunological
mediators of inflammatory pathogenesis of COVID-19. These immunoregulatory …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a powerful system for the recognition and elimination of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from bacteria, viruses, and other …

Various public health measures have contained outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2, but concerns
remain over the possibility of future surges. Improvements in broadening the vaccine …

Various mutations have accumulated since the first genome sequence of SARS-CoV2 in
2020. Mutants of the virus carrying the D614G and P681R mutations in the spike protein are …

Since Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize the earliest signs of infection or cell damage, they
play fundamental roles in innate immunity. This review summarizes the numerous studies on …

Background Evaluating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination is paramount to
understanding vaccine effectiveness and optimizing public health interventions. This study …

The severe acquired respiratory coronavirus–2 (SARS–CoV-2) infection has initiated both
acute and chronic COVID–19 disease between 2020 and 2023, currently evolving with other …

According to the data from the World Health Organization, about 800 million of the world
population had contracted coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 by mid-2023 …

The SARS–CoV-2 infection has caused both acute and chronic COVID–19 disease during
the recent pandemic with emerging more transmissible SARS–CoV–2 Omicron variants …