HELLP syndrome, also known as the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and
low platelets, represents a severe pregnancy complication typically associated with …

Muscle wasting is associated with a wide range of catabolic diseases. This debilitating loss
of muscle mass and functional capacity reduces the quality of life and increases the risks of …

BACKGROUND Growth factors are proteins secreted by a number of cell types that are
capable of modulating cellular growth, proliferation and cellular differentiation. It is well …

Chondrocytes are the exclusive cells residing in cartilage and maintain the functionality of
cartilage tissue. Series of biocomponents such as different growth factors, cytokines, and …

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a key regulator of ovarian function, is often used in
infertility treatment. Gonadal inhibins suppress FSH synthesis by pituitary gonadotrope cells …

The activins, as members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, are pleiotrophic
regulators of cell development and function, including cells of the myeloid and lymphoid …

Heparan sulfate is a ubiquitous, variably sulfated interactive glycosaminoglycan that
consists of repeating disaccharides of glucuronic acid and glucosamine that are subject to a …

Considerable advances in oncology over recent decades have led to improved survival,
while raising concerns about long-term consequences of anticancer treatments. In patients …

Vitamin D is a versatile hormone with several functions beyond its well-established role in
maintenance of skeletal health and calcium homeostasis. The effects of vitamin D are …

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant and widely distributed glycosaminoglycan
(GAG) in the human body. As a component of proteoglycans (PGs) it has numerous roles in …