This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a
relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and …

Pedunculopontine nucleus region deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising but
experimental therapy for axial motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly gait …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells results in severe
locomotor deficits, such as gait freezing and akinesia. Growing evidence indicates that these …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is situated in the upper pons in the dorsolateral
portion of the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum. Its main mass is positioned at the trochlear …

In vertebrates, dopamine neurons are classically known to modulate locomotion via their
ascending projections to the basal ganglia that project to brainstem locomotor networks. An …

The neurosurgical treatment of movement disorders, primarily via deep brain stimulation
(DBS), is a rapidly expanding and evolving field. Although conventional targets including the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the
loss of neuronal dopamine production in the brain. Oral therapies primarily augment the …

In this review, we discuss the clinical and electrophysiological effects and the future
directions of invasive and noninvasive brain stimulations in Parkinson's disease (PD). Deep …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor
region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic …

A key function of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is to control the speed of
forward symmetrical locomotor movements. However, the ability of freely moving mammals …