Studies of humans with focal brain damage and non-human animals with experimentally
induced brain lesions have provided pivotal insights into the neural basis of behavior. As the …

Highlights•State-of the art approaches to implement optogenetics in mammals.•Application
principles of optogenetic strategies in freely moving animals.•All-optical approaches …

Decisions vary in difficulty. Humans know this and typically report more confidence in easy
than in difficult decisions. However, confidence reports do not perfectly track decision …

Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience in small laboratory animals, but its effect on
animal models more closely related to humans, such as non-human primates (NHPs), has …

A classic view of the striatum holds that activity in direct and indirect pathways oppositely
modulates motor output. Whether this involves direct control of movement, or reflects a …

Neural activity underlying short-term memory is maintained by interconnected networks of
brain regions. It remains unknown how brain regions interact to maintain persistent activity …

Neurobiological investigations of perceptual decision-making have furnished the first
glimpse of a flexible cognitive process at the level of single neurons. Neurons in the parietal …

Monkeys are a premier model organism for neuroscience research. Activity in the central
nervous systems of monkeys can be recorded and manipulated while they perform complex …

Clinical depression can occur in young children as early as age three. This very early onset
variant of depression shows the same clinical features with developmental adjustments as …

Knowing when confidence computations take place is critical for building a mechanistic
understanding of the neural and computational bases of metacognition. Yet, even though a …