Lignin is a polymer of phenylpropanoid compounds formed through a complex biosynthesis
route, represented by a metabolic grid for which most of the genes involved have been …

During the past few years, considerable progress has been made in understanding how
plants protect themselves against oxidative stress. Genes encoding plant antioxidant …

An overview of the evolution of knowledge on the nomenclature, classification, induction,
occurrence, functions, and role of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) is presented …

Chemical defences represent a main trait of the plant innate immune system. Besides
regulating the relationship between plants and their ecosystems, phytochemicals are …

Photooxidants have been recognized since the 1950s as gaseous agents that are
potentially harmful to plants (Lefohn 1992). Early observations in the Los Angeles area had …

Lignins, major components of the vascular plant cell wall, provided the mechanical support
that allowed the development of upright plants adapted to a terrestrial habitat. Their …

The atmospheric air pollutant ozone (O3) is one of the environmental stresses that induce
formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. Previously, the toxicity of O3 has been …

Poplar (Populus tremula× alba) trees (clone INRA 717-1-B4) were cultivated for 1 month in
phytotronic chambers with two different levels of ozone (60 and 120 nL L–1). Foliar activities …

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an annual plant cultivated in moderate climates. Although
the genus Linum contains about 230 species, Linum usitatissimum is the only species which …

The function of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a signal molecule regulating gene expression
and cell death induced by external stresses was studied in birch (Betula pendula). Ozone …