Water scarcity is a grand challenge that has always stimulated research interests in finding
effective means for pure water production. In this context, reverse osmosis (RO) is …

The increasing worldwide demand for freshwater production requires new and sustainable
processes to overcome the shortage of clean water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is regarded as …

Understanding the salt–water separation mechanisms of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes
is critical for the further development and optimization of RO technology. The solution …

Reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) are the two most important membrane
technologies for water desalination and treatment. Their desalination and transport …

Reverse osmosis is becoming popular for the purification of water resources eg sea and
brackish water. However, one of the major limitations in efficient operation are the fouling of …

The main objective of this study is to examine how the charge densities of four monovalent
anions—fluoride (F–), chloride (Cl–), bromide (Br–), and nitrate (NO3–)—influence their …

Reverse osmosis membrane technology has developed over the past 40 years to a 44%
share in world desalting production capacity, and an 80% share in the total number of …

Reverse osmosis (RO) plays an important role in freshwater production. Mineral scaling is
an inevitable problem in the RO desalination process. Various methods, including the …

One of the major limitations of the application of membrane processes in water and
wastewater treatment is inorganic fouling. Despite the extensive studies on concentration …

The removal mechanisms of four natural steroid hormones estradiol, estrone, testosterone,
and progesterone by nanofiltration (NF) membranes were investigated. Two nanofiltration …