Human impacts prior to the Industrial Revolution are not well constrained. We investigate
whether the decline in global atmospheric CO 2 concentration by 7–10 ppm in the late …

Food security depends on the ability of staple crops to tolerate new abiotic and biotic
pressures. Wheat, barley, and other small grains face substantial yield losses under all …

Studies conducted in forests have resulted in much of the ecological theory we build upon
today. However, our basic understanding of forest ecology comes almost exclusively from …

Phytoliths preserved in soils and sediments can be used to provide unique insights into past
vegetation dynamics in response to human and climate change. Phytoliths can reconstruct …

Past human modification of forests has been documented in central, southwestern, and
eastern Amazonia, especially near large rivers. Northwestern Amazonia, and interfluvial …

Summary The Ihò Eléérú (or Iho Eleru) rock shelter, located in Southwest Nigeria, is the only
site from which Pleistocene-age hominin fossils have been recovered in western Africa …

The Arecaceae (palm) family is one of the most common and economically important plant
groups in Amazonia, and play large roles in ecosystem functioning and carbon dynamics …

Grazing is well-known to shape plant populations and plant communities and to affect
several compartment characteristics of grazed ecosystems. Semi-natural grassland …

Pollen is vitally important in the natural world, the scientific research which studies it, and
society at large. Pollen is beautiful and immensely resilient, records millions of years of …

Aims The extent and persistence of pre-Columbian human legacies in old-growth
Amazonian forests are still controversial, partly because modern societies re-occupied old …