Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive disorder typified by occlusion
of the pulmonary arterioles owing to endothelial dysfunction and uncontrolled proliferation of …

Genetic alterations affecting transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling are
exceptionally common in diseases and cancers of the gastrointestinal system. As a regulator …

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), originally identified as osteoinductive components in
extracts derived from bone, are now known to play important roles in a wide array of …

Cartilage homeostasis is governed by articular chondrocytes via their ability to modulate
extracellular matrix production and degradation. In turn, chondrocyte activity is regulated by …

Genetic evidence implicates the loss of bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR-
II) signaling in the endothelium as an initiating factor in pulmonary arterial hypertension …

Pulmonary endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are critical for neonatal lung angiogenesis
and represent a subset of general capillary cells (gCAPs). Molecular mechanisms through …

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), the most common inherited vascular disorder,
is caused by mutations in genes involved in the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) …

Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) is an endothelial-specific member of the TGF-β/BMP
receptor family that is inactivated in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia …

The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones …

Abstract Since Judah Folkman hypothesized in 1971 that angiogenesis is required for solid
tumor growth, numerous studies have been conducted to unravel the angiogenesis process …