The functional characteristics of fluorescent probes used for imaging and measuring
dynamic processes in living cells are reviewed. Initial consideration is given to general …

There are three kinds of membrane potentials: the surface potentials, resulting from the
accumulation of charges at the membrane surfaces; the transmembrane potential …

Genetically encoded sensor proteins provide unique opportunities to advance the
understanding of complex cellular interactions in physiologically relevant contexts; however …

The electrostatic potentials associated with cell membranes include the transmembrane
potential (delta psi), the surface potential (psi s), and the dipole potential (psi D). psi D …

Optical recording of membrane potential permits spatially resolved measurement of
electrical activity in subcellular regions of single cells, which would be inaccessible to …

Formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is a common neuropathological feature found in
several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. We have developed a …

Two-photon voltage imaging has long been heralded as a transformative approach capable
of answering many long-standing questions in modern neuroscience. However, exploiting …

Anions and cations have long been recognized to be capable of modifying the functioning of
various membrane-related physiological processes. Here, a fluorescent ratio method using …

Nonlinear microscopy has proven to be essential for neuroscience investigations of thick
tissue preparations. However, the optical recording of fast (∼ 1 msec) cellular electrical …

The development of genetically encoded fluorescent voltage probes is essential to image
electrical activity from neuronal populations. Previous green fluorescent protein (GFP) …