Background eIF2α is a regulatory node that controls protein synthesis initiation by its
phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. General control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), protein …

Phosphorylation as a post-translational modification is critical for cellular homeostasis.
Kinases and phosphatases regulate phosphorylation levels by adding or removing …

The integrated stress response (ISR) triggered in response to various cellular stress enables
mammalian cells to effectively cope with diverse stressful conditions while maintaining their …

Stress granules (SGs) are distinct RNA granules induced by various stresses, which are
evolutionarily conserved across species. In general, SGs act as a conservative and essential …

Objective Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a transcriptional regulator of the unfolded
protein response and integrated stress response (ISR) that promote the restoration of normal …

Dysfunction in regulation of mRNA translation is an increasingly recognized characteristic of
many diseases and disorders, including cancer, diabetes, autoimmunity …

The respiratory tract and its resident immune cells face daily exposure to stress, both from
without and from within. Inhaled pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Epidemic and pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) poses a significant threat to human
populations worldwide. Iridoid glycosides are principal bioactive components from the …

The immune system deploys a complex network of cells and signaling pathways to protect
host integrity against exogenous threats, including measles virus (MeV). However …

Background African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic
pigs resulting in up to 100% mortality rates caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The locally …