The connection between development and evolution has become the focus of an increasing
amount of research in recent years, and heterochrony has long been a key concept in this …

This study examines the extent to which the major dimensions of the cranial base (maximum
length, maximum breadth, and flexion) interact with brain volume to influence major …

Understanding the complexities of cranial base development, function, and architecture is
important for testing hypotheses about many aspects of craniofacial variation and evolution …

Despite much data, there is no unanimity over how to define Homo sapiens in the fossil
record. Here, we examine cranial variation among Pleistocene and recent human fossils by …

This study addresses some enduring issues of ontogenetic and evolutionary integration in
the form of the hominid cranium. Our sample consists of 38 crania: 20 modern adult Homo …

It is well known that the human skull achieves adult size through a superior–inferior gradient
of maturation. Because the basicranium matures in size before the face, it has been …

We report here on the results of a new cladistic analysis of early hominid relationships.
Ingroup taxa includedAustralopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus africanusAustralopithecus …

Paleoneurology concerns the study and analysis of fossil endocasts. Together with cranial
capacity and discrete anatomical features, shape can be analysed to consider the spatial …

Patterns of morphological integration and modularity among shape features emerge from
genetic and developmental factors with varying pleiotropic effects. Factors or processes …

Compared to our closest living and extinct relatives, humans have a large, specialized, and
complex brain embedded in a uniquely shaped braincase. Here, we quantitatively compare …