The mass density of Earth's thermosphere (∼ 90–600 km altitude) is a critical parameter for
low Earth orbit prediction because of the atmospheric drag on satellites in this region. In this …

This paper presents a contemporary review of vertical coupling in the atmosphere and
ionosphere system induced by internal waves of lower atmospheric origin. Atmospheric …

This brief introductory review of some recent developments in atmosphere–ionosphere
science is written for the “Vertical Coupling Special Issue” that is motivated by the 5th …

The dynamical and thermodynamical importance of gravity waves was initially recognized in
the atmosphere of Earth. Extensive studies over recent decades demonstrated that gravity …

First high‐altitude observations of gravity wave (GW)‐induced CO2 density perturbations in
the Martian thermosphere retrieved from NASA's Neutral Gas Ion Mass Spectrometer …

The last decade has seen rapid progress in understanding of mechanisms coupling the
upper atmosphere (thermosphere and ionosphere) with the atmospheric layers below it …

Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are circulation anomalies in the polar region during
winter. They mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and affect also surface weather and …

Variability of the midlatitude ionosphere and thermosphere during the 2009 and 2013
sudden stratosphere warmings (SSWs) is investigated in the present study using a …

Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are essential for the dynamics of the middle atmosphere.
Recent studies have shown that these waves are also important for the thermosphere …

Abstract Effects of subgrid‐scale gravity waves (GWs) on the diurnal migrating tides are
investigated from the mesosphere to the upper thermosphere for September equinox …