Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often
have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in …

Bacterial endosymbionts induce dramatic phenotypes in their arthropod hosts, including
cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, parasitoid defense …

Most insects harbour influential, yet non‐essential heritable microbes in their hemocoel.
Communities of these symbionts exhibit low diversity. But their frequent multi‐species nature …

Insect host–parasitoid interactions abound in nature and are characterized by a high degree
of host specialization. In addition to their behavioral and immune defenses, many host …

All organisms have evolved a wide range of strategies to protect against natural enemies,
from complex avoidance behaviours to sophisticated immune systems, and insects are no …

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) consist of three varieties. Type 1 RIPs are single-
chained and approximately 30-kDa in molecular weight. Type 2 RIPs are double-chained …

A number of species and taxa of Drosophilidae (Diptera) are used as model clades in
various fields of biology, but our knowledge on their ecology and co-evolution (eg how their …

Insects and other arthropods often harbour intracellular bacterial associates. These bacterial
symbionts cannot survive outside their host and rely on vertical transmission from infected …

The structures of arthropod bacterial communities are complex. These microbiotas usually
provide many beneficial services to their hosts, whereas occasionally they may be …

In phylogenetics, reconciliation is an approach to connect the history of two or more
coevolving biological entities. The general idea of reconciliation is that a phylogenetic tree …