A comprehensive survey on test-time adaptation under distribution shifts

J Liang, R He, T Tan - International Journal of Computer Vision, 2024 - Springer
Abstract Machine learning methods strive to acquire a robust model during the training
process that can effectively generalize to test samples, even in the presence of distribution …

The entropy enigma: Success and failure of entropy minimization

O Press, R Shwartz-Ziv, Y LeCun, M Bethge - arXiv preprint arXiv …, 2024 - arxiv.org
Entropy minimization (EM) is frequently used to increase the accuracy of classification
models when they're faced with new data at test time. EM is a self-supervised learning …

STAMP: Outlier-Aware Test-Time Adaptation with Stable Memory Replay

Y Yu, L Sheng, R He, J Liang - European Conference on Computer Vision, 2025 - Springer
Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to address the distribution shift between the training and
test data with only unlabeled data at test time. Existing TTA methods often focus on …

Reshaping the Online Data Buffering and Organizing Mechanism for Continual Test-Time Adaptation

Z Zhu, X Hong, Z Ma, W Zhuang, Y Ma, Y Dai… - … on Computer Vision, 2025 - Springer
Abstract Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) involves adapting a pre-trained source
model to continually changing unsupervised target domains. In this paper, we systematically …

AETTA: Label-Free Accuracy Estimation for Test-Time Adaptation

T Lee, S Chottananurak, T Gong… - Proceedings of the …, 2024 - openaccess.thecvf.com
Test-time adaptation (TTA) has emerged as a viable solution to adapt pre-trained models to
domain shifts using unlabeled test data. However TTA faces challenges of adaptation …

Unified Entropy Optimization for Open-Set Test-Time Adaptation

Z Gao, XY Zhang, CL Liu - … of the IEEE/CVF Conference on …, 2024 - openaccess.thecvf.com
Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims at adapting a model pre-trained on the labeled source
domain to the unlabeled target domain. Existing methods usually focus on improving TTA …

Persistent test-time adaptation in recurring testing scenarios

TH Hoang, MD Vo, MN Do - The Thirty-eighth Annual Conference …, 2024 - openreview.net
Current test-time adaptation (TTA) approaches aim to adapt a machine learning model to
environments that change continuously. Yet, it is unclear whether TTA methods can maintain …

SANTA: Source Anchoring Network and Target Alignment for Continual Test Time Adaptation

G Chakrabarty, M Sreenivas… - Transactions on Machine …, 2023 - openreview.net
Adapting a trained model to perform satisfactorily on continually changing test environments
is an important and challenging task. In this work, we propose a novel framework, SANTA …

Beyond Model Adaptation at Test Time: A Survey

Z Xiao, CGM Snoek - arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.03687, 2024 - arxiv.org
Machine learning algorithms have achieved remarkable success across various disciplines,
use cases and applications, under the prevailing assumption that training and test samples …

Test-time adaptation with state-space models

M Schirmer, D Zhang, E Nalisnick - ICML 2024 Workshop on …, 2024 - openreview.net
Distribution shifts between training and test data are all but inevitable over the lifecycle of a
deployed model and lead to performance decay. Adapting the model can hopefully mitigate …