Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The
second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesia is a common complication in Parkinson disease. Pathogenic
mechanisms include phasic stimulation of dopamine receptors, nonphysiological levodopa …

Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental
studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder. Its symptoms are
typically treated with levodopa or dopamine receptor agonists, but its action lacks specificity …

Highlights•Homeostatic plasticity plays an important role in mitigating striatal
pathophysiology in the early stages of PD.•Aberrant dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity …

The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate
acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively …

Dopamine replacement therapy with l-DOPA is the most efficacious symptomatic treatment
for Parkinson's disease, but its utility is limited by a development of motor fluctuations and …

Action selection relies on the coordinated activity of striatal direct and indirect pathway
medium spiny neurons (dMSNs and iMSNs, respectively). Loss of dopamine in Parkinson's …

The vertebrate brain consists of diverse neuronal types, classified by distinct anatomy and
function, along with divergent transcriptomes and proteomes. Defining the cell-type specific …

Levodopa‐induced motor complications remain an important source of disability for many
patients with Parkinson's disease. Substantial laboratory evidence indicates that motor …