Non-symbolic numerical abilities are widespread among vertebrates due to their important
adaptive value. Moreover, these abilities were considered peculiar of vertebrate species as …

The human brain possesses neural networks and mechanisms enabling the representation
of numbers, basic arithmetic operations, and mathematical reasoning. Without the ability to …

Some vertebrates demonstrate complex numerosity concepts—including addition,
sequential ordering of numbers, or even the concept of zero—but whether an insect can …

Evidence has been reported for quantity discrimination in mammals and birds and, to a
lesser extent, fish and amphibians. For the latter species, however, whether quantity …

How our intuitive understanding of numbers is deeply rooted in our biology, traceable
through both evolution and development. Humans' understanding of numbers is intuitive …

Neurons in the primate parieto-frontal network represent the number of visual items in a
collection, but it is unknown whether this system encodes empty sets as conveying null …

Different species of animals can discriminate numerosity, the countable number of objects in
a set. The representations of countable numerosities have been deciphered down to the …

Brains that are capable of representing numerosity, the number of items in a set, have arisen
repeatedly and independently in different animal taxa. This review compares the cognitive …

Zero stands for emptiness, for nothing, and yet it is considered to be one of the greatest
achievements of humankind. This review first recapitulates the discovery of the number zero …

In a variety of circumstances animals can represent numerical values per se, although it is
unclear how salient numbers are relative to non-numerical properties. The question is then …