Many fishes are ammonotelic but some species can detoxify ammonia to glutamine or urea.
Certain fish species can accumulate high levels of ammonia in the brain or defense against …

Hyperammonemia resulting from inherited urea cycle enzyme deficiencies or liver failure
results in severe central nervous system dysfunction including brain edema, convulsions …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) in brain is located mainly in astrocytes. One of the primary roles
of astrocytes is to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and …

Astrocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of ammonia‐induced neurotoxicity and
hepatic encephalopathy. As shown here, ammonia induces protein tyrosine nitration in …

Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is a central player in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of Alzheimer
disease. It aggregates to form the core of Alzheimer disease-associated plaques found in …

Ammonia is a toxin that has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic
encephalopathy (HE), and the astrocyte appears to be the principal target of ammonia …

Patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) may present different neurological alterations
including impaired cognitive function and altered motor activity and coordination. HE may …

Acute intoxication with large doses of ammonia leads to rapid death. The main mechanism
for ammonia elimination in brain is its reaction with glutamate to form glutamine. This …

Hyperammonemia is mainly found in hepatic encephalopathy and in genetic defects of the
urea cycle or other pathways of the intermediary metabolism. Clinically a difference has to …

The effects of acute ammonia intoxication on reactive oxygen species production by different
sources in rat brain were studied. Ammonia intoxication in vivo leads to reduced activity of …