Traditional ballasted tracks have been used intensively around the world with ballast as the
main material for tracks. Ballast has a significant contribution to the track alignment, stability …

Ballast plays a vital role in transmitting and distributing the train wheel loads to the
underlying track substructure. The load-bearing capacity, safe train speed, and the levels of …

The non-linear mechanical behaviors of bimrock under static loading conditions have been
widely studied currently. To data, however, the fatigue responses of bimrock with various …

Traditional railway foundations or substructures have become increasingly overloaded in
recent years, owing to the introduction of faster and heavier trains. A lack of substructure re …

Ballastless high-speed railways have dynamic performances that are quite different from
those of conventional ballasted railways. The essential dynamic characteristics of high …

This paper presents the three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) that was used to
study the shear behavior of fresh and coal fouled ballast in direct shear testing. The …

The increased demand for higher speeds and increased freight capacity in railroad
transportation exacerbates the rate of ballast degradation that leads to unacceptable track …

Large-scale cubical triaxial tests were conducted to investigate the behavior of reinforced
and unreinforced subballast under cyclic load. Granular material with an average particle …

The discrete element method has been used to simulate the behaviour of railway ballast
under different test conditions. Single particle crushing tests have been simulated using …

Ballast materials forming part of railway structures are subjected to cyclic loads. As a result
of these loads, ballast densification, aggregate degradation, and lateral spread of the ballast …