Glucose is an important fuel for contracting muscle, and normal glucose metabolism is vital
for health. Glucose enters the muscle cell via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT4 glucose …

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease caused by
impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) …

Irisin was first identified as a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ co‐activator‐1α
(PGC‐1α) dependent myokine with the potential to induce murine brown‐fat‐like …

Skeletal muscle exhibits superb plasticity in response to changes in functional demands.
Chronic increases of skeletal muscle contractile activity, such as endurance exercise, lead to …

Epigenetic changes are caused by biochemical regulators of gene expression that can be
transferred across generations or through cell division. Epigenetic modifications can arise …

Insulin is now well-established as playing multiple roles within the brain, and specifically as
regulating hippocampal cognitive processes and metabolism. Impairments to insulin …

Skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise confer many of the health benefits of physical
activity and occur partly through alterations in skeletal muscle gene expression. The exact …

The insulin-regulated glucose transporter-4 (GluT4) is critical for insulin-and contractile-
mediated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. GluT4 is also expressed in some hippocampal …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disease resulted from insulin secretory defect
or insulin resistance and it is a leading cause of death around the world. The care of DM …

Most human phenotypes are influenced by a combination of genomic and environmental
factors. Engaging in regular physical exercise prevents many chronic diseases, decreases …