The rhythmic contraction of the heart is initiated and controlled by an intrinsic pacemaker
system. Cardiac contractions commence at very early embryonic stages and coordination …

Retinoic acid (RA) is a terpenoid that is synthesized from vitamin A/retinol (ROL) and binds
to the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) to control …

Elucidating cardiac evolution has been frustrated by lack of fossils. One celebrated enigma
in cardiac evolution involves the transition from a cardiac outflow tract dominated by a multi …

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the western world. Attaining a mechanistic
understanding of human heart development and homeostasis and the molecular basis of …

Valveless, tubular pumps are widespread in the animal kingdom, but the mechanism by
which these pumps generate fluid flow is often in dispute. Where the pumping mechanism of …

Tunicates are small invertebrates which possess a unique ability to reverse flow in their
hearts. Scientists have debated various theories regarding how and why flow reversals …