Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease characterized by
chronic and relapsing manifestations. It is noteworthy that the prevalence of IBD is gradually …

Acetylcholine (ACh) is best known as a neurotransmitter and was the first such molecule
identified. ACh signalling in the neuronal cholinergic system has long been known to …

Opioid receptors are widely distributed in the human body and are crucially involved in
numerous physiological processes. These include pain signaling in the central and the …

There is increasing evidence that brain− gut interactions are altered during development of
inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Understanding the relationship between the …

Gut–brain dysregulation has been recognized by the scientific community as being crucial to
the understanding of chronic gastrointestinal conditions, and this has translated into the …

Opioids were one of the earliest classes of medications used for pain across a variety of
conditions, but morbidity and mortality have been increasingly associated with their chronic …

Background Pain is a frequently reported symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
experienced by patients in active disease and remission. Psychological factors play a …

Patients with chronic medically complex disorders like inflammatory bowel diseases (BD)
often have mental health and psychosocial comorbid conditions. There is growing …

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Up to 60% of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients experience abdominal pain in their
lifetime regardless of disease activity. Pain negatively affects different areas of daily life and …