Humans have adapted to the chronic hypoxia of high altitude in several locations, and
recent genome-wide studies have indicated a genetic basis. In some populations, genetic …

Globins are haem‐proteins that bind O2 and thus play an important role in the animal's
respiration and oxidative energy production. However, globins may also have other …

Amino acid availability controls mTORC1 activity via a heterodimeric Rag GTPase complex
that functions as a scaffold at the lysosomal surface, bringing together mTORC1 with its …

Birds are the most species-rich class of tetrapod vertebrates and have wide relevance
across many research fields. We explored bird macroevolution using full genomes from 48 …

Animals that sustain high levels of aerobic activity under hypoxic conditions (eg, birds that fly
at high altitude) face the physiological challenge of jointly optimizing blood-O2 affinity for O2 …

In air-breathing vertebrates at high altitude, fine-tuned adjustments in hemoglobin (Hb)–O2
affinity provide an energetically efficient means of mitigating the effects of arterial …

Bacteria that reside in animal tissues and/or cells must acquire iron from their host. However,
almost all of the host iron is sequestered in iron-containing compounds and proteins, the …

A key question in evolutionary genetics is why certain mutations or certain types of mutation
make disproportionate contributions to adaptive phenotypic evolution. In principle, the …

Marine mammals exhibit multi-level adaptations, from cellular biochemistry to behavior, that
maximize aerobic dive duration. A dive response during aerobic dives enables the efficient …

The study of the evolutionary origin of vertebrates has been linked to the study of genome
duplications since Susumo Ohno suggested that the successful diversification of vertebrate …