Suramin is 100 years old and is still being used to treat the first stage of acute human
sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Suramin is a …

Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels are associated with osteoarthritis
(OA) progression. Indeed, VEGF appears to be involved in OA‐specific pathologies …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder, in which imbalance in synthesis and
production of inflammatory cytokines promotes cartilage and bone destruction. Out of the …

The cell danger response (CDR) is the evolutionarily conserved metabolic response that
protects cells and hosts from harm. It is triggered by encounters with chemical, physical, or …

The chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arthritogenic alphavirus, has caused explosive
epidemics involving millions of cases. Globally expanding pandemics involving CHIKV and …

Chikungunya virus is a re-emerging arbovirus that has caused epidemic outbreaks in recent
decades. Patients in older age groups with high viral load and severe immunologic …

BACKGROUND The plant Arnica montana is used in folk medicine to alleviate pain,
inflammation and swelling of muscles and joints associated with rheumatoid arthritis and …

Plant microRNAs (miRNA) are regularly consumed orally along with diet, gaining attention
for their RNA-based drug potential because of their ability to regulate mammalian gene …

Background There is a critical need for effective treatment of the core symptoms of autism
spectrum disorder (ASD). The purinergic antagonist suramin may improve core symptoms …

Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are widely used for testing potential new
therapies for RA. The most commonly used models of human RA are adjuvant-induced …