All multicellular organisms host microbial communities in and on their bodies, and these
microbiomes can have major influences on host biology. Most research has focussed on the …

▪ Abstract Mammals are exposed to a diverse array of parasites and infectious diseases,
many of which affect host survival and reproduction. Species that live in dense populations …

The human vaginal microbiome is dominated by bacteria from the genus Lactobacillus,
which create an acidic environment thought to protect women against sexually transmitted …

Parasites have evolved independently in numerous animal lineages, and they now make up
a considerable proportion of the biodiversity of life. Not only do they impact humans and …

Long‐distance migration has evolved in many organisms moving through different media
and using various modes of locomotion and transport. Migration continues to evolve or …

Disease has caused striking declines in wildlife and threatens numerous species with
extinction. Theory suggests that the ecology and density‐dependence of transmission …

The seminal fluid is a complex medium containing a great variety of molecules, mainly
produced by sex accessory glands, and also cells other than spermatozoa (eg leucocytes) …

Some hosts harbor diverse parasite communities, whereas others are relatively parasite
free. Many factors have been proposed to account for patterns of parasite species richness …

Predators often cause prey to adopt defensive strategies that reduce predation risk. The
'ecology of fear'examines these trait changes and their consequences. Similarly, parasites …

Measures of population genetic structure and diversity of disease-causing organisms are
commonly used to draw inferences regarding their evolutionary history and potential to …