Abstract Purpose of Review Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males.
The mechanisms underlying male vulnerability or female protection are not known and …

Several neurological conditions are associated with sex differences in prevalence or
outcome. For example, autism predominantly affects boys, depression is more common in …

This article is part of a Special Issue (“Estradiol and cognition”). Estrogens have repeatedly
been shown to influence a wide array of social behaviors, which in rodents are …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication and
repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) plays a critical role in …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impairments of social interaction and the
presence of obsessive behaviors. The “twin” nonapeptides oxytocin (OXT) and arginine …

Gonadal hormones are becoming increasingly recognized for their effects on cognition.
Estrogens, in particular, have received attention for their effects on learning and memory that …

Several observations support the hypothesis that differences in synaptic and regional
cerebral plasticity between the sexes account for the high ratio of males to females in autism …

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the
FMR1 gene that inactivate expression of the gene product, the fragile X mental retardation 1 …

Background Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are defined as a group of pervasive
neurodevelopmental disorders, and the heterogeneity in the symptomology and etiology of …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders
characterized by cognitive deficits and impaired social and communicative development that …