This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Every day we are bombarded by stimuli that must be assessed for their potential for harm or
benefit. Once a stimulus is learned to predict harm, it can elicit fear responses. Such learning …

The amygdala processes valenced stimuli, influences emotion, and exhibits aberrant activity
across anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. Interventions modulating amygdala activity …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) complex receives dense cholinergic projections from the
nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca …

Fear refers to an adaptive response in the face of danger, and the formed fear memory acts
as a warning when the individual faces a dangerous situation again, which is of great …

Cholinergic cells have been proposed to innervate simultaneously those cortical areas that
are mutually interconnected with each other. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the …

Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide, affecting
approximately 280 million people, with probably much higher unrecorded cases …

The reciprocal connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the dorsal
raphe nucleus (DR) is involved in mood control and resilience to stress. The infralimbic …

Dysfunctional fear responses in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be partly
explained by an inability to effectively extinguish fear responses elicited by trauma-related …

We are exposed to various external and internal threats which might hurt us. The role of
taking flexible and appropriate actions against threats is played by “the limbic system” and at …