Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often
have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in …

We present here the hologenome theory of evolution, which considers the holobiont (the
animal or plant with all of its associated microorganisms) as a unit of selection in evolution …

1. Bacterial symbionts play a prominent role in insect nutritional ecology by aiding in
digestion of food or providing nutrients that are limited or lacking in the diet. Thereby …

Insect heritable symbionts have proven to be ubiquitous, based on molecular screening of
various insect lineages. Recently, molecular and experimental approaches have yielded an …

Marine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including
bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates …

Psyllids, whiteflies, aphids, and mealybugs are members of the suborder Sternorrhyncha
and share a common property, namely the utilization of plant sap as their food source. Each …

Aphids engage in symbiotic associations with a diverse assemblage of heritable bacteria. In
addition to their obligate nutrient-provisioning symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, aphids may …

Symbiotic microbes have become increasingly recognized to mediate interactions between
natural enemies and their hosts. The ecologies of these symbioses, however, are poorly …

There is growing evidence of the importance of microbial mutualistic symbioses in insect–
plant interactions. Mutualists may affect host plant range and enable insects to manipulate …

The importance of microbial facultative endosymbionts to insects is increasingly being
recognized, but our understanding of how the fitness effects of infection are distributed …