Abstract Objects Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) causes neurological dysfunction below
the injured segment of the spinal cord, which significantly impacts the quality of life in …

Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury
(SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms …

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a neuro-inflammatory response dominated by
tissue-resident microglia and monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Since activated …

Deficits in neuronal function are a hallmark of spinal cord injury (SCI) and therapeutic efforts
are often focused on central nervous system (CNS) axon regeneration. However, secondary …

There is significant interest in understanding inflammatory responses within the brain and
spinal cord. Inflammatory responses that are centralized within the brain and spinal cord are …

Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are
increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of …

Macrophages and microglia can be polarized along a continuum toward a detrimental (M1)
or a beneficial (M2) state in the injured CNS. Although phagocytosis of myelin in vitro …

Astrocytes react to CNS injury by building a dense wall of filamentous processes around the
lesion. Stromal cells quickly take up residence in the lesion core and synthesize connective …

Virtually all phases of spinal cord injury pathogenesis, including inflammation, cell
proliferation and differentiation, as well as tissue remodeling, are mediated in part by …

Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain and spinal cord. These cells provide
immune surveillance and are mobilized in response to disparate diseases and injuries …