Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment paradigm for many malignancies
and is transforming the drug development landscape. Although immunotherapeutic agents …

Simple Summary It was found that long-established tumor-derived cell lines do not
adequately reproduce drug sensitivity and behavior of a real human cancers. Therefore …

Over the past decade, the emergence of patient-derived tumor organoids (PDTOs) has
broadened the repertoire of preclinical models and progressively revolutionized three …

Simple Summary Despite the increased use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the early
setting of breast cancer, there is a clinical need for predictive markers of response in daily …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) …

The emerging field of liquid biopsy has garnered significant interest in precision diagnostics,
offering a non-invasive and repetitive method for analyzing bodily fluids to procure real-time …

Real-time monitoring in the tumor microenvironment provides critical insights of cancer
progression and mechanistic understanding of responses to cancer treatments. However …

The complexity of tumors and the challenges associated with treatment often stem from the
limitations of existing models in accurately replicating authentic tumors. Recently, organoid …

Patient‐derived xenografts (PDX) involve transplanting patient cells or tissues into
immunodeficient mice, offering superior disease models compared with cell line xenografts …

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Multiple molecular
subtypes, heterogeneity, and their ability to metastasize from the primary site to distant …